Tiếng Việt
What is congenital heart disease?
Congenital heart disease (TBS) is a defect in the heart of a child (maybe in the walls of the heart or heart valves and great blood vessels) that occurs in the fetus, before the baby is born (usually occurs in the early childhood). first eight weeks of fetal development)
Congenital heart disease (TBS) is an increasingly common cardiovascular disease in pediatric practice, as infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies are gradually reduced. In developed countries, rates of TBS range from 0.7 to 1% of live births. In Vietnam, according to reports from pediatric hospitals, the rate of TBS is about 1.5% of children admitted to the hospital and about 30-55% of children admitted to the cardiology department.
TBS disease, if not detected early, can cause unfortunate death due to acute circulatory disorders, but most often causes clinical manifestations, sometimes very different due to complications or manifestations in organs. in the body, erroneous diagnosis, slow treatment leading to inability to treat the disease.
What causes congenital heart defects?
The vast majority of congenital heart defects have no known cause. Mothers may wonder and wonder what they did (medication, chemical exposure), or what disease during pregnancy caused a congenital heart defect in their baby. In most cases, no cause can be found with a clear link to congenital heart defects.
According to statistics at Tu Du Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, congenital heart disease accounts for 0.8% of first pregnancies and 2-6% of second pregnancies. There are 2 people with congenital heart defects, this risk in the baby will be born is 20-30%.
Up to 50% of congenital heart disease cases have no identifiable cause; The remainder is due to two reasons:
Inheritance: Due to genetic mutations or chromosomal mutations during pregnancy, or inherited from previous generations. Scientists found that there are some congenital heart defects that can be inherited and accompanied by multiple malformation syndromes such as in Ehrles-Danlos syndrome, Noonan, Leopard, Ellis-Van-Creveld, Hunter, etc. There are a number of congenital heart defects that occur in association with chromosomal disorders such as Down syndrome (has 3 chromosomes 21), Turner syndrome (XO, no Y sex chromosome) syndrome. Klinefelter (XXY: has 2 X chromosomes and 1 Y chromosome); or genetic mutations.
Some congenital heart defects may occur if the mother is infected with a virus during pregnancy such as infection with Rubella, Cytomegalo, Herpes, especially in the first 3 months of pregnancy or taking certain drugs such as anticonvulsant. menstruation, thalidomide, sex hormones, excessive alcohol consumption, chemical and drug poisoning or exposure to radiation.
Classification of congenital heart disease:
Up to now, there are many ways to classify congenital heart defects, according to the number of heart lesions: simple or complex, according to clinical manifestations: cyanosis appears sooner or later, many authors tend to classify them. according to the shunt.
1. Congenital heart failure group: in this group, children usually do not have cyanosis, normal or decreased blood flow to the lungs, including Coarctation or aortic valve, aortic valve malformation, stenosis or regurgitation. Congenital mitral, 3-chamber heart, pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary valve malformation.
2. Congenital heart group has a left-to-right shunt: there is a hole to bring blood from
the left chambers of the heart to the right heart. In this group of congenital hearts, pulmonary blood flow is increased (increased pulmonary circulation) and usually does not cause cyanosis (unless the flow has been reversed due to elevated pulmonary vascular pressure). vascular force of the system). Includes the following congenital heart defects:
3. Congenital heart group with right-to-left shunt: there is a hole that carries blood from
the right chambers of the heart to the left heart, often causing cyanosis and blood flow through the lungs may increase (increase in weeks) pulmonary circulation) or decreased (reduced pulmonary circulation).
* Right-to-left shunt with increased pulmonary blood flow, including congenital heart defects such as:
– Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common congenital heart defect causing cyanosis, including 4 malformations: pulmonary stenosis (1), ventricular septal defect (3), right aorta riding on the interventricular septum (4). , right ventricular hypertrophy (2)
– Tricuspid atrophy.
– Pulmonary valve atrophy
